{"id":2760,"date":"2025-04-17T16:32:15","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T20:32:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/?p=2760"},"modified":"2025-04-17T16:32:15","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T20:32:15","slug":"just-2-3-tablets-same-dose-as-used-in-idealabs-cancer-studies-of-aspirin-daily-has-a-strong-anti-aging-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/?p=2760","title":{"rendered":"Just 2-3 tablets (same dose as used in IdeaLabs cancer studies) of aspirin daily has a strong anti-aging effect"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There has been a consistent and well-funded effort by Big Pharma to convince the public that aspirin is a &#8220;dangerous&#8221; drug, with &#8220;unproven&#8221;\/&#8221;exaggerated&#8221; benefits and serious risks. That effort to drive down aspirin usage has been going on for decades, but it really picked up steam after 2020, when study after study showed that taking aspirin can greatly reduce the risks of both getting and dying fro COVID-19, as well as largely prevent the risk of developing the dreaded &#8220;long COVID&#8221; syndrome. Despite the concerted effort to drive down aspirin usage, recent studies have shown that about 2\/3 of the US population uses aspirin at least weekly for general disease prevention. The study below provides evidence that aspirin may not only be a panacea for many (all?) chronic diseases, but may also be a great anti-aging tool. The evidence for life-extension effects of aspirin is sparse, but almost a decade ago I posted about an aspirin analog being able to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>increase maximum (as opposed to average) lifespan by ~400%<\/strong><\/span>! The doses used in that study was equivalent to using less than 1g daily for a human.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lowtoxinforum.com\/threads\/aspirin-pro-drug-from-willow-bark-extends-yeast-lifespan-by-almost-400.10141\/\">https:\/\/lowtoxinforum.com\/threads\/aspirin-pro-drug-from-willow-bark-extends-yeast-lifespan-by-almost-400.10141\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medicalxpress.com\/news\/2016-03-youngand-alive.html\">https:\/\/medicalxpress.com\/news\/2016-03-youngand-alive.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.7665\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.7665<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, the new study below demonstrates a robust anti-aging effect of aspirin in a higher organism (rats) using virtually the same dosage as the study published more than a decade ago. The new study also used aspirin, which is much more widely available and in more reliable formulations than willow bark (which is what the 2016 study above used). The human equivalent dose of aspirin in the new study was ~8.5mg\/kg daily, and it was administered orally. While such doses are considered &#8220;high&#8221; by most doctors, much higher doses (8g-10g daily) have been used in the past to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and even those massive doses had few side effects except tinnitus. At a daily dose of 8.5mg\/kg even tinnitus is not likely to manifest as a side effect and for people concerned about bleeding risks, just a few milligrams (mg) of vitamin K daily may suffice to negate that risk. Interestingly, the study demonstrates that aspirin robustly decreases iNOS expression &#8211; the enzyme mainly responsible for the bulk of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) &#8211; and that elevated iNOS expression occurs with aging. This finding directly challenges the mainstream theory that NO is beneficial and that agents that increase its levels such as nitroglycerin, arginine, citrulline, etc are good for us. No wonder Big Pharma has made aspirin a target for a massive negative social campaign. A drug that may prevent and cure most chronic diseases, while challenging established medical dogma (e.g. iNOS\/NO) and also potentially extending lifespan, can make most pharma drugs obsolete.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;&#8230;This study demonstrates that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>aspirin exhibits significant antiaging potential<\/strong><\/span> in aged rat models, as evidenced by its ability to attenuate oxidative stress <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>through marked reductions in MDA levels, suppression of iNOS gene expression, and mitigation of DNA damage<\/strong><\/span>. Furthermore, histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed substantial improvements in buccal mucosal integrity, underscoring <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin\u2019s protective role at the tissue and cellular levels<\/strong><\/span>. These results lay a critical foundation for future investigations into aspirin\u2019s mechanistic pathways and its broader role in promoting healthy aging.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;&#8230;There are numerous antiaging strategies, including diet and physical activity, but the most appealing one is reusing already approved drugs by the FDA, such as aspirin, statins, metformin, and rapalogs<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1162\" title=\"Piskovatska, V., Strilbytska, O., Koliada, A., Vaiserman, A. &amp; Lushchak, O. Health Benefits of Anti-Aging Drugs. In: Harris, J., Korolchuk, V. editors. Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science. Subcellular Biochemistry, Springer, Singapore; pp. 339\u2013392. (2019). \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_13\n\n                \" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Aspirin is an already long studied and effective drug<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1166\" title=\"Wick, J. Aspirin: a history, a love story. Consult Pharm. 27 (5), 322\u2013329. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4140\/TCP.n.2012.322\n\n                 (2012).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR12\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. However, its antiaging mechanism remains ambiguous. Thus, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>in this study, the antiaging impact of aspirin was studied<\/strong><\/span>. To develop an aging model in the current work, systemic administration of D-galactose was applied<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1173\" title=\"Ruan, Q. et al. The anti-inflamm-aging and hepatoprotective effects of huperzine A in D-galactose-treated rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 134 (3\u20134), 89\u201397. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2012.12.005\n\n                 (2013).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\">6<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1176\" title=\"Shwe, T., Pratchayasakul, W., Chattipakorn, N. &amp; Chattipakorn, S. C. Role of D-galactose-induced brain aging and its potential used for therapeutic interventions. Exp. Gerontol. 100 (101), 13\u201336. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.029\n\n                 (2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR13\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Accelerated aging using D-galactose mimics the natural aging process by increasing the production of advanced glycated end products, leading to activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB), increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial breakdown, and apoptosis<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1180\" title=\"Azman, K. F. &amp; Zakaria, R. D-Galactose-induced accelerated aging model: an overview. Biogerontology 20 (6), 763\u2013782. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-019-09837-y\n\n                 (2019).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR14\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 14\">14<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1183\" title=\"Wendt, T. et al. Glucose, glycation, and RAGE: implications for amplification of cellular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14 (5), 1383\u20131395. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ASN.0000065100.17349.CA\n\n                 (2003).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR15\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In the herein study, MDA was selected as a marker for oxidative stress. It was proved by Gil et al. that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>plasma MDA level increased with aging<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1190\" title=\"Gil, L. et al. Age-associated analysis of oxidative stress parameters in human plasma and erythrocytes. Free Radic Res. 40 (5), 495\u2013505. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10715760600592962\n\n                 (2006).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR16\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. This happens as <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>it is produced by ROS reaction with polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to peroxidation of lipids<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1194\" title=\"Tsikas, D. Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: analytical and biological challenges. Anal. Biochem. 100 (524), 13\u201330. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021\n\n                 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR17\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>. Lipid peroxidation has significant consequences like loss of proliferation potential of cells, change of gene expression, and suppression of antioxidant enzymes. Consequently, oxidative stress accumulates, and aging occurs<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1198\" title=\"Ca\u0142yniuk, B. et al. Malondialdehyde (MDA)\u2013product of lipid peroxidation as marker of homeostasis disorders and aging. Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 70, 224\u2013228. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18794\/aams\/65697\n\n                 (2016).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR18\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 18\">18<\/a><\/sup>. In the current work, the aging model group\u2019s <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>MDA level was higher than the control group<\/strong><\/span>. This was in total harmony with prior work performed by Fan et al. and Zhou et al., who showed increased MDA levels in kidneys and brains of mice, respectively, upon D-galactose administration<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1202\" title=\"Fan, S. et al. Troxerutin protects the mouse kidney from d-galactose-caused injury through anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 9 (1), 91\u201396. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.10.008\n\n                 (2009).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR19\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 19\">19<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1205\" title=\"Zhou, Y. et al. Mussel oligopeptides ameliorate cognition deficit and attenuate brain senescence in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 59, 412\u2013420. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.009\n\n                 (2013).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR20\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, it was found that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin decreased MDA levels compared to the aging model group<\/strong><\/span>. This came in harmony with Deng et al., who showed that aspirin provided a shielding effect against endothelial damage caused by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) injection<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1212\" title=\"Deng, S. et al. Aspirin protected against endothelial damage induced by LDL: role of endogenous NO synthase inhibitors in rats. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (12), 1633\u20131639 (2004).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR21\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>. They found that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin inhibited the increase in MDA blood levels caused by LDL<\/strong><\/span>. Moreover, in vitro work on endothelial cells cultured in high D-glucose levels showed that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin decreased ROS levels significantly<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1216\" title=\"Dragomir, E. et al. Aspirin rectifies calcium homeostasis, decreases reactive oxygen species, and increases NO production in high glucose-exposed human endothelial cells. J. Diabetes Complications. 18 (5), 289\u2013299. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2004.03.003\n\n                 (2004).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR22\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Additionally, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress<\/strong><\/span> in melanocytes in vitro<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1220\" title=\"Jian, Z. et al. Aspirin induces Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation of haem oxygenase\u20101 in protection of human melanocytes from H2O2\u2010induced oxidative stress. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 20 (7), 1307\u20131318. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.12812\n\n                 (2016).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR23\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>. This decrease in MDA levels in the aspirin group might be credited to the ability of aspirin to block the metabolism of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, leading to a decrease in ROS generation that accompanies this process<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1224\" title=\"Prasad, K. &amp; Lee, P. Suppression of oxidative stress as a mechanism of reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by aspirin. J. Cardiovas Pharmacol. Ther. 8 (1), 61\u201369. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107424840300800i109\n\n                 (2003).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR24\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 24\">24<\/a><\/sup>. Moreover, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin can induce ferritin synthesis, which has antioxidant properties, thus reducing ROS formation<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1228\" title=\"Oberle, S., Polte, T., Abate, A., Podhaisky, H. P. &amp; Schr\u00f6der, H. Aspirin increases ferritin synthesis in endothelial cells: a novel antioxidant pathway. Circ. Res. 82 (9), 1016\u20131020. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.RES.82.9.1016\n\n                 (1998).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR25\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In the current work, the iNOS gene was chosen as an oxidative stress and aging marker. This is because <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>iNOS upregulation leads to increased production of nitric oxide, leading to peroxynitrite (ONOO) formation<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1236\" title=\"Buffoli, B. et al. Provinol prevents CsA-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing reactive oxygen species, iNOS, and NF-kB expression. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53 (12), 1459\u20131468. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/jhc.5A6623.2005\n\n                 (2005).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR26\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>. Increased <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ONOO formation has severe consequences like suppressing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, superoxide dismutase, and complexes I and II in the respiratory complex. Additionally, ONOO damages the membranes and DNA of the mitochondria<\/strong><\/span>. All this finally leads to oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>age-dependent reduction in ATP<\/strong><\/span> production<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1240\" title=\"Aktan, F. iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and its regulation. Life Sci. 75 (6), 639\u2013653. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.10.042\n\n                 (2004).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR27\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>. In the current work, the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aging model group\u2019s iNOS gene expression was greater than the control group<\/strong><\/span>. This was concomitant with prior studies in which D-galactose administration in mice caused increased iNOS expression<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1244\" title=\"Zhou, Y. et al. Mussel oligopeptides ameliorate cognition deficit and attenuate brain senescence in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 59, 412\u2013420. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.009\n\n                 (2013).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR20\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 20\">20<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1247\" title=\"Motevalian, M., Maroof, N. T., Nematollahi, M. H., Khajehasani, F. &amp; Fatemi, I. Atorvastatin modulates the expression of aging-related genes in the brain of aging induced by D-galactose in mice. Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci. 24 (10), 1388\u20131394. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/IJBMS.2021.58502.12996\n\n                 (2021).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR28\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 28\">28<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>On the contrary, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>the aspirin group expressed lower levels of iNOS mRNA expression compared to the aging model group<\/strong><\/span>. This result was concomitant with prior work that proved that aspirin suppressed the expression of iNOS in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1254\" title=\"Liu, Y. et al. Aspirin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage activation via the NF-\u03baB pathway. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 11549. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-10720-4\n\n                 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR29\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>. Moreover, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin ameliorated intervertebral disc degeneration induced via percutaneous disc puncture in Sprague-Dawley rats by inhibiting iNOS expression<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1258\" title=\"Liu, Y. et al. Aspirin-mediated Attenuation of intervertebral disc degeneration by ameliorating reactive oxygen species in vivo and in vitro. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019 (7189854). \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7189854\n\n                 (2019).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR30\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>. Aspirin may have decreased iNOS mRNA expression via suppression of NF-\u03baB, which in turn inhibits M1 macrophage polarization. Decreased M1 macrophages ultimately decreases iNOS production<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1262\" title=\"Liu, Y. et al. Aspirin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage activation via the NF-\u03baB pathway. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 11549. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-10720-4\n\n                 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR29\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>. Additionally, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin can activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, resulting in diminished levels of iNOS, nitric oxide<\/strong><\/span>, and matrix metalloproteinases, which finally decrease oxidative damage<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1266\" title=\"Liu, Y. et al. Aspirin-mediated Attenuation of intervertebral disc degeneration by ameliorating reactive oxygen species in vivo and in vitro. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019 (7189854). \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7189854\n\n                 (2019).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR30\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The histological and ultrastructural examination of the buccal mucosa supported all the results mentioned above. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aging model group showed marked degeneration in epithelium and lamina propria of buccal mucosa as compared to the control group<\/strong><\/span>. These histological outcomes showed that D-galactose caused marked degeneration in rats\u2019 buccal mucosa. This was similar to Youssef\u2019s results, where aging led to the same degenerative changes in rats\u2019 buccal mucosa<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1273\" title=\"Youssef, M. M. Study the influence of antioxidant therapy on age-related changes in the buccal mucosa of rats (Histological and immunohistochemical investigation). Egypt. Dent. J. 63 (1), 565\u2013578. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EDJ.2017.75006\n\n                 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR31\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 31\">31<\/a><\/sup>. Moreover, Meng et al. demonstrated that gastric mucosa showed marked atrophy after D-galactose injection<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1277\" title=\"Meng, J. et al. Integration of LncRNA and mRNA profiles to reveal the protective effects of Codonopsis pilosula extract on the Gastrointestinal tract of mice subjected to D\u2013galactose\u2013induced aging. Int. J. Mol. Med. 47 (3), 1. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4834\n\n                 (2021).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR32\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 32\">32<\/a><\/sup>. Moving to the ultrastructural analysis, this study showed that D-galactose caused keratinocyte degeneration and atypical nuclear morphology. Similar results were observed ultrastructurally upon normal aging in tongue epithelium of rats<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1284\" title=\"Barlagiannis, D. et al. Ultrastructural aspects of the effects of L-carnitine administration on epithelial cells in the aging rat tongue. Hippokratia 18 (1), 32\u201336 (2014).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR33\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 33\">33<\/a><\/sup>. Moreover, Lopes et al. showed concomitant results<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1288\" title=\"Lopes, M. et al. C. P. Ultrastructural aspects of female aging Wistar rat epithelium tongue: a HRSEM and TEM study. Gerontology 55 (4), 442\u2013448. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000216829\n\n                 (2009).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR34\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>However, in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>the aspirin-treated group, both histopathological and ultrastructural examinations were appealing, where aspirin protected the buccal mucosa<\/strong><\/span> against the deleterious effects of D-galactose. This agreed with Rahman et al.\u2019s study which showed that the skin of C57BL\/6 mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation showed decreased inflammatory cell infiltration upon daily oral administration of aspirin<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1295\" title=\"Rahman, H. et al. Aspirin protects melanocytes and keratinocytes against UVB-induced DNA damage in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 141 (1), 132\u2013141. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.003\n\n                 (2021).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR35\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. In the herein context, the prophylactic <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>antiaging effect of aspirin on tissues may be accredited to the aspirin\u2019s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties<\/strong><\/span>. Aspirin can increase antioxidant genes expression like catalase and superoxide dismutase and inhibit NF-\u03baB. Inhibiting NF-\u03baB can decrease iNOS expression and ROS production, causing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus preserving the tissues<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1299\" title=\"Buffoli, B. et al. Provinol prevents CsA-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing reactive oxygen species, iNOS, and NF-kB expression. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53 (12), 1459\u20131468. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/jhc.5A6623.2005\n\n                 (2005).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR26\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 26\">26<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1302\" title=\"Ayyadevara, S. et al. Aspirin inhibits oxidant stress, reduces age-associated functional declines, and extends lifespan of caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18 (5), 481\u2013490. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2011.4151\n\n                 (2013).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR36\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 36\">36<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The comet assay was performed in the current work as it can quantitatively detect DNA breakage and mutations<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1309\" title=\"Bankoglu, E. E., Schuele, C. &amp; Stopper, H. Cell survival after DNA damage in the comet assay. Arch. Toxicol. 95 (12), 3803\u20133813. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-021-03164-3\n\n                 (2021).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR37\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 37\">37<\/a><\/sup>. In the current study, compared to the control group, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>the aging model group had a higher percentage of DNA breakage<\/strong><\/span> (% tail DNA). This was also shown in previous studies, which showed <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>increased DNA breakage in the aging model group<\/strong><\/span> in cerebellum cells and immune cells in mice<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1313\" title=\"Gao WeiWei, G. W., Huang LianZhen, H. L., Li Tao, L. T. &amp; Yang XueFeng, Y. X. Effects of zinc on learning and memory in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Ying Yang Xue Bao. 26 (2), 98\u2013102. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/20043109375\n\n                 (2004).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR38\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 38\">38<\/a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1316\" title=\"Yi, Z. J., Fu, Y. R., Li, M., Gao, K. S. &amp; Zhang, X. G. Effect of LTA isolated from bifidobacteria on D-galactose-induced aging. Exp. Gerontol. 44 (12), 760\u2013765. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2009.08.011\n\n                 (2009).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR39\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 39\">39<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In the present study, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>%DNA breakage (% tail DNA) was reduced in the aspirin group as compared to the aging model group<\/strong><\/span>. This coincided with a study performed by Dandah, who evaluated how aspirin affected lymphocytes taken from individuals with breast cancer. Using comet assay, they demonstrated that aspirin decreased DNA damage in lymphocytes in vitro<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1324\" title=\"Dandah, O. M. M. Genoprotective Effect of Aspirin and Ibuprofen in Human Lymphocyte Cells. Effect of Nano and Bulk Forms of Aspirin and Ibuprofen on Lymphocytes From Breast Cancer Patients Compared with Those From Healthy Females. [Doctoral thesis, University of Bradford]. ResearchOnline@UniversityOfBradford. (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR40\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 40\">40<\/a><\/sup>. Moreover, another study by Rahman et al. revealed that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin protected keratinocytes from ultraviolet radiation-dependent DNA damage by reducing 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, markers of oxidative DNA damage<\/strong><\/span>, in keratinocytes and melanocytes in skin lesions<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1328\" title=\"Rahman, H. et al. Aspirin protects melanocytes and keratinocytes against UVB-induced DNA damage in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 141 (1), 132\u2013141. \n                  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.003\n\n                 (2021).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR35\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. Many mechanisms were introduced to explain the aspirin protective effect on DNA, including inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme and scavenging of ROS<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1332\" title=\"Niikawa, M., Okamura, T., Sugiura, K. &amp; Nagase, H. Aspirin intake suppresses MMC-induced genotoxicity in mice. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 9 (2), 279\u2013282 (2008).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR41\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 41\">41<\/a><\/sup>. Furthermore, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>aspirin could directly inhibit tumor suppressor gene p53, which directly decreases DNA damage and increases cell survival<\/strong><\/span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d5446528e1336\" title=\"Dandah, O. M. M. Genoprotective Effect of Aspirin and Ibuprofen in Human Lymphocyte Cells. Effect of Nano and Bulk Forms of Aspirin and Ibuprofen on Lymphocytes From Breast Cancer Patients Compared with Those From Healthy Females. [Doctoral thesis, University of Bradford]. ResearchOnline@UniversityOfBradford. (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-94566-1#ref-CR40\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 40\">40<\/a><\/sup>.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There has been a consistent and well-funded effort by Big Pharma to convince the public that aspirin&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[101,326,994,12,2093,833,2076,298,891],"class_list":["post-2760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","tag-aging","tag-aspirin","tag-dna","tag-inflammation","tag-inos","tag-lifespan","tag-mda","tag-no","tag-ros","wpcat-2-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2760","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2760"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2760\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2761,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2760\/revisions\/2761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2760"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2760"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haidut.me\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2760"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}